Recent Mass Balance Anomalies on the Djankuat Glacier, Northern Caucasus

A 54-year-long series of continuous instrumental measurements of mass balance and its main components has already been accumulated at the Djankuat Glacier, which is representative of the Caucasus and the most studied glacier in Russia. The anomalies of these indicators in 2017/2018–2020/2021 were evaluated against an analysis of meteorological reasons that predetermined them. Each of the four balance years under consideration represents a particular anomaly of varying severity. As for conditions of mass income, three years saw accumulation higher than average, and in one year (2018/2019) it approached the norm. As for summer ablation conditions, similarly, in one season (2019) the melting differed from the average only slightly, but in the other three it was much higher. Consequently, in one year (2020/2021) the state of the glacier was close to normal, in another (2017/2018) the budget situation was much more favorable for Djankuat, and in the other two the final losses significantly exceeded the average annual mass loss rate. At the same time, in 2019/2020, an absolute record of ablation since the beginning of monitoring in 1967/1968 was recorded (4360 mm w.e.). Nevertheless, although negative mass balance values continue to be recorded annually, signs of an inevitable slowdown in the rate of glacier degradation in the Caucasus have appeared in the last 4-year-long period: the continued growth of winter snow accumulation overlaps the ongoing intensification of summer melting. The growth of debris cover in terms of area and thickness also affects this mass loss slowdown to some extent. This inhibits ablation, exerting a heat-insulating effect. Because of this, the congruence of mass balance parameters vs. altitude curves is distorted. Also, a tendency toward increasing annual glacier mass turnover was revealed for the last half-century. This fact gradually increases the energy of glaciation and indirectly indicates a weakening of continentality in the climate of the Caucasian highlands.