Lower urinary tract reconstruction

In clinical practice, most reconstructive urological procedures performed are for urethral strictures and otherwise on the lower urinary tract. Bladder augmentation and substitution are widely used by urologists and increasingly so in other subspecialties across the spectrum of urology for what used to be reconstructive problems, but new problems have developed to challenge reconstructive urologists, requiring a different approach but based on the same general principles. Thus, as augmentation and substitution cystoplasty become increasingly part of ‘general urology’, so reconstructive urologists are adapting these principles to deal with the complications of the treatment of prostate cancer, gynaecological cancer and rectal cancer.