Unique Adaptations of a Photosynthetic Microbe Rhodopseudomonas palustris to the Toxicological Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate the PFOA removal capabilities of Rhodopseudomonas palustris ( R. palustris ), a fluoroacetate dehalogenase containing microbe as a potential candidate for achieving bioremediation. In the 50-day PFOA uptake experiment, R. palustris removed 44 ± 6.34 % PFOA after 20 days of incubation, which was then reduced to a final removal of 6.23 ± 12.75 %. Results indicate PFOA was temporarily incorporated into the cell membrane before being released partially into the media after cell lysis. This incorporation might be attributed to the combined effect of hydrophobic interaction between PFOA and the cell membrane and the reduced electrostatic repulsion from the high ion presence in the growth medium. The growth of R. palustris during the PFOA uptake experiment was 9-fold slower than their growth without PFOA. This study also completely defines the toxicity range of PFOA for R. palustris through a toxicity assay. Increasing PFOA concentration reduced the microbe growth, with complete inhibition around 200 ppm. For various concentrations of PFOA, R. palustris exhibits interesting diauxic growth behavior. An accelerated growth phase was followed by a temporary death phase in the first 24 hours in the presence of 12.5-100 ppm PFOA, implying a unique adaptation mechanism to PFOA.