Comparative Anatomical and Ecological Study of Gentiana Algida and Gentiana Macrophylla in Mongolia

This study aims to investigate the anatomical, morphological, and ecological adaptations of two medicinal species, Gentiana algida and Gentiana macrophylla, growing in different ecological regions of Mongolia. These species are widely used in traditional medicine and are increasingly affected by environmental stress associated with climate change. Comparative analyses of stem, leaf, and seed structures were conducted using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and standard anatomical techniques. Detailed observations revealed species-specific differences in vascular bundle arrangement, mesophyll organization, and seed coat surface ornamentation. G. algida exhibited structural traits associated with cold and high-altitude environments, whereas G. macrophylla showed anatomical features linked to temperate habitats. The findings provide new insights into adaptive anatomical characteristics relevant to taxonomy, ecological resilience, conservation, and sustainable utilization of Gentiana species.