Advancements in Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection

Cancer is currently the third leading cause of death among the people of the Navajo Nation and is the most common cause of death worldwide. American Indians are often diagnosed when cancer has reached the advanced stages compared to other communities. Major contributors for the cancer inside the Navajo Nation is the exposure to uranium, other heavy metals, and radon gas. In the Navajo Nation, uranium mining boomed from 1944 to 1986; decades later, uranium tailings and toxic waste from the milling process have caused an increased rate of cancer in the Navajo Nation. Further cancer detection and monitoring remain critical challenges in healthcare. This research explores the fabrication of paper-based electrochemical sensors modified with nanoparticles and antigens at the Nanoelectrochemical Analysis and Energy Storage Laboratory (NEST LAB) at Navajo Technical University (NTU) for the sensitive and selective detection of cancer biomarkers. These electrochemical sensors harness the unique qualities of paper, such as low cost and ease of fabrication, combined with the specific binding capabilities of nanoparticles and antigens. Modifying paper electrode surfaces enhances sensitivity and selectivity, making these sensors a cost-effective and portable option for early cancer detection. In contrast to traditional methods like imaging and biopsies, electrochemical sensors are low-cost, offer minimally invasive screening, high sensitivity, and affordability, making them valuable tools in the early diagnosis and management of cancer. These sensors' accessibility and potential to detect cancer at its earliest stages can significantly improve patient outcomes, particularly in resource-limited areas such as Native American reservations. Keywords: Cancer biomarkers, paper-based electrochemical sensors, nanoparticle modification, antigen modification, early detection, point-of-care diagnostics, cost-effective healthcare.