Impact of Phyllanthus amarus on reproductive functions in hemorrhoid-induced male Wistar rats

Abstract Background Hemorrhoids represent a widespread anorectal disorder with potential systemic implications that extend beyond localized symptoms. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats with jatropha oil-induced hemorrhoids. Twenty-five male Wistar rats (90-160g) were randomly allocated into five groups: Control, Hemorrhoid-induced (H), Hemorrhoid-induced + Pilex 200mg/kg (H+P), Hemorrhoid + Extract 200mg/kg (H+E200mg), and Hemorrhoid + Extract 400mg/kg (H+E400mg). Following hemorrhoid induction, treatments were administered orally for ten days. Reproductive parameters, including sperm count, motility, morphology, serum testosterone levels, oxidative stress markers, and TNF-α, were evaluated. Results The results revealed a significant increase in the testosterone level in the H+E200mg when compared to the control, H, H+P groups. Hemorrhoidal inflammation significantly compromised sperm motility, count, and morphological integrity, while treatment with Phyllanthus amarus extract demonstrated dose-dependent ameliorative effects, with the 400mg/kg dose showing superior restoration of sperm variables and in the CAT and GSH antioxidant defense mechanisms compared to the control, H, H+P, and H+E200mg groups. Inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) levels and macroscopic hemorrhoidal scores improved substantially following the administration of the extract. Conclusion According to the findings of this study, Phyllanthus amarus exhibits significant protective potential against hemorrhoid-induced reproductive dysfunction through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-protective properties, suggesting therapeutic promise for managing reproductive complications associated with chronic anorectal inflammatory conditions.