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Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds
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AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Raw Materials3.1.Natural Resources3.2.Tungsten Scrap4.Production4.1.Ore Beneficiation4.2.Pretreatment of Ore Concentrates and Scrap4.3.Hydrometallurgy4.3.1.Digestion4.3.2.Purification4.3.3.Conversion of Sodium Tungstate Solution to Ammonium Tungstate Solution4.3.3.1.Solvent Extraction4.3.3.2.Ion Exchange Process4.3.4.Crystallization of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)4.4.Calcination of APT4.5.Reduction by Hydrogen to Tungsten Metal Powder4.6.Production of Compact Metal4.7.Processing of Sintered Parts4.7.1.Shaping4.7.2.Mechanical Bonding of Tungsten to Tungsten and Other Metals4.8.Surface Treatment4.9.Tungsten Coatings4.10.Production of High‐Purity Tungsten Metal (99.999 ‐ 99.9999 %)5.Tungsten Alloys5.1.Single‐Phase Mixed‐Crystal Alloys5.2.Multiple Phase Alloys6.Uses7.Analysis7.1.Raw Materials7.2.High‐Purity Intermediate Products, Tungsten Powder, and Compact Tungsten Metal7.3.Trace Elements in High‐Purity Tungsten Metal8.Ferrotungsten and Related Alloys8.1.Composition8.2.Uses8.3.Production8.3.1.Ferrotungsten8.3.1.1.Carbothermic Production8.3.1.2.Carbothermic and Silicothermic Production8.3.1.3.Metallothermic Production8.3.2.Production of Tungsten Melting Base and Tungsten Master Alloys9.Compounds9.1.Tungsten Chemistry9.2.Aqueous Solutions of Tungsten9.3.Intermetallic Compounds9.4.Compounds with Nonmetals9.4.1.Tungsten ‐ Boron Compounds9.4.2.Tungsten ‐ Carbon Compounds9.4.3.Tungsten ‐ Silicon Compounds9.4.4.Tungsten ‐ Group 15 Compounds9.4.5.Tungsten ‐ Oxygen Compounds9.4.6.Tungsten ‐ Chalcogenide Compounds9.4.7.Tungsten ‐ Halogenide Compounds10.Tungsten in Catalysis11.Economic Aspects12.Tungsten Recycling13.Beneficial Effects on Human Health14.Toxicology and Occupational Health15.Acknowledgement
Title: Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds
Description:
AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.
Introduction2.
Properties2.
1.
Physical Properties2.
2.
Chemical Properties3.
Raw Materials3.
1.
Natural Resources3.
2.
Tungsten Scrap4.
Production4.
1.
Ore Beneficiation4.
2.
Pretreatment of Ore Concentrates and Scrap4.
3.
Hydrometallurgy4.
3.
1.
Digestion4.
3.
2.
Purification4.
3.
3.
Conversion of Sodium Tungstate Solution to Ammonium Tungstate Solution4.
3.
3.
1.
Solvent Extraction4.
3.
3.
2.
Ion Exchange Process4.
3.
4.
Crystallization of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)4.
4.
Calcination of APT4.
5.
Reduction by Hydrogen to Tungsten Metal Powder4.
6.
Production of Compact Metal4.
7.
Processing of Sintered Parts4.
7.
1.
Shaping4.
7.
2.
Mechanical Bonding of Tungsten to Tungsten and Other Metals4.
8.
Surface Treatment4.
9.
Tungsten Coatings4.
10.
Production of High‐Purity Tungsten Metal (99.
999 ‐ 99.
9999 %)5.
Tungsten Alloys5.
1.
Single‐Phase Mixed‐Crystal Alloys5.
2.
Multiple Phase Alloys6.
Uses7.
Analysis7.
1.
Raw Materials7.
2.
High‐Purity Intermediate Products, Tungsten Powder, and Compact Tungsten Metal7.
3.
Trace Elements in High‐Purity Tungsten Metal8.
Ferrotungsten and Related Alloys8.
1.
Composition8.
2.
Uses8.
3.
Production8.
3.
1.
Ferrotungsten8.
3.
1.
1.
Carbothermic Production8.
3.
1.
2.
Carbothermic and Silicothermic Production8.
3.
1.
3.
Metallothermic Production8.
3.
2.
Production of Tungsten Melting Base and Tungsten Master Alloys9.
Compounds9.
1.
Tungsten Chemistry9.
2.
Aqueous Solutions of Tungsten9.
3.
Intermetallic Compounds9.
4.
Compounds with Nonmetals9.
4.
1.
Tungsten ‐ Boron Compounds9.
4.
2.
Tungsten ‐ Carbon Compounds9.
4.
3.
Tungsten ‐ Silicon Compounds9.
4.
4.
Tungsten ‐ Group 15 Compounds9.
4.
5.
Tungsten ‐ Oxygen Compounds9.
4.
6.
Tungsten ‐ Chalcogenide Compounds9.
4.
7.
Tungsten ‐ Halogenide Compounds10.
Tungsten in Catalysis11.
Economic Aspects12.
Tungsten Recycling13.
Beneficial Effects on Human Health14.
Toxicology and Occupational Health15.
Acknowledgement.
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