Styrene Plastics

AbstractSuccinic acid and succinic anhydride occur frequently in nature. Their chemical behavior is characterized by the reactivity of the two carboxylic functions, ie, hydration/dehydration, esterification, hydrogenation, acylation, and reactions with nitrogen and sulfur compounds, as well as of the two methylene groups, ie, oxidation, halogenation, and condensation with aldehydes and ketones. Succinic anhydride is manufactured by liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride; succinic acid by hydration of the anhydride. The acid is also obtained as a by‐product in the manufacture of adipic acid. The total consumption of succinic acid and succinic anhydride in 1993 was in the 13,000–15,000 t/yr range; combined installed capacity is about 20,000 t/yr in 1994. Uses include bath preparations, detergents, cosmetics, pigments, fluxes for soldering, and reagents for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products. An important emerging use is the production of inherently degradable polymers. Succinic acid is an approved food additive having FDA generally‐recognized‐as‐safe status. Both the acid and the anhydride are irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.