Low genetic diversity of the Indonesian Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae): Introduce or Native?

This study investigates the genetic diversity and distribution patterns of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) in Indonesia. Using the NADH2 sequence, we analyzed 26 samples from various Indonesian localities and 78 sequence data from other regions, including China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Timor, and the United States. Phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inferences revealed similar topologies and identified four distinct lineages with strong support values. Remarkably, Indonesian Tokay geckos clustered into a single lineage, exhibiting low genetic diversity despite being geographically separated by the Indonesian archipelago's oceans. In contrast, geckos from mainland Southeast Asia displayed higher genetic diversity, reflecting biogeographical separation and ecological barriers. These differences indicate varying speciation and distribution processes between mainland Southeast Asia and Indonesia. It is likely that the Indonesian population of Tokay geckos originated from Indochina. The low genetic diversity suggests a recent distribution pattern, possibly caused by anthropogenic factors such as wildlife trade and human-mediated movement. This is further supported by the tendency of Tokay geckos in Indonesia to inhabit human settlements and lowland.