Anti-diabetic activity and anti-oxidant activity of Syzygium aqueum leaves

Syzygium aqueum, commonly known as water apple, is a tropical plant from the Myrtaceae family, known for its fruit and medicinal properties. The plant has gained attention for its rich phytochemical composition, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils, which contribute to its potential therapeutic benefits, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects. Phytochemical studies on Syzygium aqueum have identified several bioactive compounds like eugenol, syzygine, and flavonoids, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. Research has shown that extracts from various parts of the plant exhibit significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Despite promising results, further research is needed to explore its safety and clinical applications. This study explored the potential of Syzygium aqueum (water apple) leaves as a source of natural anti-diabetic and antioxidant agents. Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, is often managed with α-amylase inhibitors, which delay carbohydrate absorption. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications. Therefore, substances with both anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties are highly desirable. In this study, the anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium aqueum leaf extracts was evaluated using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. This method quantifies the inhibition of α-amylase, a key enzyme in the breakdown of carbohydrates. Different concentrations of the leaf extracts were incubated with the enzyme and substrate, and the amount of reducing sugars produced was measured. The percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity was then calculated. The antioxidant capacity of the Syzygium aqueum leaf extracts was assessed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. This method measures the ability of the extract to reduce ferric ions (Fe3+) to ferrous ions (Fe2+). A higher FRAP value indicates a greater antioxidant potential. The extracts were reacted with a ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe(III)-TPTZ) complex, and the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ was measured spectrophotometrically. The results of this study will provide valuable insights into the potential of Syzygium aqueum leaves as a therapeutic agent for managing diabetes and oxidative stress-related complications. The findings will be discussed in light of existing literature and will contribute to the growing body of knowledge on natural remedies for these conditions. Further research, including the isolation and identification of specific bioactive compounds responsible for the observed activities, as well as in vivo studies, is warranted to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of Syzygium aqueum leaves.