Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Naringin: Chemical Attributes and Pharmacological Evidence

Naringin is a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside predominantly found in citrus fruits, especially Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), and has gained considerable scientific interest due to its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Chemically, naringin consists of a flavanone nucleus conjugated with disaccharide moieties, conferring antioxidant and biological activity. Upon metabolism, naringin is converted into its aglycone naringenin, which plays a crucial role in mediating its therapeutic effects. Extensive preclinical studies have demonstrated that naringin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic activities through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis pathways, and cellular signaling cascades. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited oral bioavailability pose significant challenges for clinical translation. Recent advances in formulation strategies, particularly nano-based delivery systems, have shown promise in overcoming these limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical properties, metabolism, and diverse pharmacological activities of naringin, along with current challenges and future perspectives for its therapeutic application.