Sand dune migration and flux into the lower Helmand and Arghandab valleys

In the Helmand/Sistan basin in south-west Afghanistan, aeolian sediment movement impacts the environment, irrigation canals, agriculture, and fluvial systems. The migration of large sand dunes into the Helmand and Arghandab rivers has a significant impact on the water resources providing livelihood for over three million people. A first step toward mitigating these impacts is to better understand sand dune migration. In this study, dune celerity and flux into the fluvial system are measured using PlanetScope Visual Ortho Scene satellite imagery. Two different time periods were used to quantify flux in five study sites of dune fields along 100 km of the Helmand River and 150 km of the Arghandab and Dori rivers. Results show diverse sand dune celerities with the fastest barchan dune movement south of Zaranj city. Sand dune celerity on the Helmand River right bank in the direction of flow is estimated to vary between 6.2 m/year to 103.1 m/year. The highest unit flux values of 250 m3/m/year occur in the lower Helmand basin. Much lower dune celerity values between 0.2 m/year to 2.9 m/year are calculated for the dune field on the left bank of the Arghandab and Dori rivers. The study also identifies the sensitive locations on the right bank of Helmand River in lower Helmand that may be used to plan sand dune stabilization measures such as mulching and Haloxylon species plantation that have been extensively practiced in the region.