Kropotkine en 1914 : la guerre et les congrès manqués des anarchistes russes [Lettres inédites de Pierre Kropotkine à Marie Goldsmith, 11 janvier-31 décembre 1914]

Michael Confino, Kropotkine in 1914: the war and the abortive congresses of Russian anarchists. Unpublished letters of P. Kropotkine to Marie Goldsmith. January 11-December 31, 1914. This publication comprises 14 letters of P. Kropotkine written in 1914 and an introduction to these documents, dealing with the two major problems roused by these letters (and which were also the most important questions on the agenda of the Russian anarchist movement ) . The first problem is that of the unification of the movement. The article describes the convocation and the development of the First unification Conference of Russian anarchists abroad (Paris, December 28, 1913-January 1, 1914) and analyzes its debates, its decisions and the profile of its composition. This conference took the decision to summon a Congress of anarchist groups abroad and a general Congress of the Russian anarchist movement. Both Congresses were to be held in August 1914 and did not take place because of the beginning of the war. The secondary questions that have been dealt with are: organization of the movement, presence of the Okhrana agents within the groups and the part played by them, relations between the federations, etc. The second problem is that of the attitude towards militarism and the war, more especially that of Kropotkine. In the light of these documents a new explanation of his position is suggested, and another interpretation of the motives that had incited him to adopt, in August 1914, a "defensist" line, different from that of the majority in the anarchist movement. Finally, the article as a whole proves, implicitely and explicitely, that the year 1914 was critical and tragic for the Russian anarchist movement. The year starts in the midst of enthusiasm and hope, and finishes in an atmosphere of pessimism due to dissensions provoked by war.