Genetic Diversity of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Germplasm Resources in Wuyi Mountain of China Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers

Wuyi Mountain in Southeast China is the origin of black tea and oolong tea. It is also considered the ‘treasure trove of tea cultivars’ because of its rich tea germplasm resources. In the present study, the population structure and genetic diversity of 137 tea germplasms from Wuyi Mountain and its adjacent areas were analyzed by SNPs. The information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and fixation index (F) polymorphisms of the selected SNPs were high, stable and reliable. Ho had an average of 0.389, while He had an average of 0.324, indicating that Wuyi Mountain tea germplasms had rich genetic diversity. The AMOVA results showed that genetic variation came mainly from intrapopulation variation, accounting for 66% of the total variation. The differences in the Fst and Nei values of tea germplasm between Wuyi Mountain and its adjacent areas are similar to the geographical differences. Multiple analyses based on high-quality SNPs found that the landraces of tea plants on Wuyi Mountain had different genetic backgrounds from the wild-type landraces and the landraces of Wuyi Mountain tea plants underwent population differentiation. This study provides a basis for the effective protection and utilization of tea germplasms on Wuyi Mountain and lays a foundation for identifying potential parents to optimize tea cultivation.