A Dynamic Carbon-Integrated Energy Contribution Verification Framework for Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Multi-Energy Transactions in Integrated Energy Systems

With the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy, park-level integrated energy systems face growing challenges in coordinating multi-energy dispatch, peer-to-peer trading, and carbon responsibility allocation under variable operating conditions. Existing low-carbon dispatch and peer-to-peer trading schemes typically rely on static or linear carbon emission factors, which cannot accurately capture the increase in carbon intensity of gas-fired units during low-load operation. Furthermore, conventional blockchain-based energy trading mechanisms mainly focus on transaction recording and settlement, while the operational low-carbon contributions of prosumers are rarely converted into consensus incentives.To address these limitations, this study proposes a dynamic carbon-integrated peer-to-peer multi-energy trading framework driven by a dynamic carbon-aware proof-of-energy-contribution mechanism. First, a park-level integrated energy system model is developed by incorporating gas turbines, waste heat recovery boilers, gas boilers, renewable generation, electrical and thermal energy storage systems, cooling conversion units, and demand response resources. Second, a dynamic carbon emission factor model is established to couple the load ratios of gas-fired units with the time-varying carbon intensity of the external power grid, enabling refined carbon responsibility allocation under variable operating conditions. Third, a carbon-embedded peer-to-peer multi-energy pricing mechanism is designed to incorporate dynamic carbon responsibility into bilateral trading prices and settlement decisions. On this basis, a dynamic carbon-aware proof-of-energy-contribution mechanism is constructed by integrating transaction execution contribution, carbon-efficiency contribution, and price-response contribution into blockchain consensus weights.Case studies based on typical days in winter, summer, and transition seasons demonstrate that the proposed framework mitigates carbon-accounting deviations caused by static emission factors and reduces the average low-load operating duration of gas turbines by 73.19%. Compared with the static-carbon benchmark, the peer-to-peer electricity and heat trading volumes increase by 56.51 MWh and 6.81 MWh, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed framework improves carbon-accounting fidelity, suppresses inefficient low-load operation of gas-fired units, and establishes a physically grounded blockchain incentive mechanism for low-carbon multi-energy trading in integrated energy systems.