Towards a Zero-Carbon Economy: Formal and Informal Efforts of Sudan – A Post-War Strategy

Purpose: Sudan's vast areas of fertile land, abundant water, wind, and sunshine present significant opportunities for sustainable energy development. Transitioning to renewable energy can alleviate economic pressures from fossil fuel dependency, create jobs, and reduce poverty, especially in rural areas. Since 2015, Sudan has implemented several initiatives focusing on macroeconomic reforms, social protection, and environmental sustainability, with a strong emphasis on transitioning to a net-zero carbon economy. These efforts aim to reduce emissions by promoting renewable energy sources, enhancing resource efficiency, and supporting the development of clean energy technologies. This study examines how Sudan can meet its international emission reduction targets and transition to renewable energy, despite resource limitations. It explores strategies for aligning with climate agreements like the Paris Agreement, incorporating environmental issues into the economy, and addressing challenges related to resources and investments. The study also discusses the role of cultural change and environmental awareness in facilitating this transition. Methodology: Through a mixed method both qualitative and quantitative approaches, this study tries to assess the impact of forest regeneration projects such as Mukhrebish and the Acacia Gum Belt, as well as initiatives in the oil and electricity sectors, including the "NIM" gas project and renewable energy efforts. To examine Sudan’s transition towards a zero-carbon economy, with a focus on societal and economic transformations: In-depth interviews will be conducted with top policymakers from the Ministry of Energy, Sustainable Development stakeholders in Sudan, top Environmental protection organisations, NGOs, academics, and representatives of international organizations. Findings: Sudan is making strong efforts to expand and promote renewable energy, particularly in rural communities. The country is working on developing solar and wind energy projects to help integrate renewables into the national grid, with a goal of meeting 20% of its energy needs from renewable sources by 2030. Transitioning to a zero-carbon economy in Sudan will require deep social and economic changes. However, this shift faces major challenges. Current energy plans are mainly focused on urban areas and are driven by cost considerations, which limits progress. Since 2018, Sudan’s economy has been in recession due to political instability and the effects of climate change. To successfully move toward a zero-carbon future, it is essential to integrate renewable energy and adopt strong government policies that support this transition. This will pave the way for meaningful societal transformation and long-term sustainable development in Sudan. Originality: Sudan faces significant challenges in shaping its future economic, social, and environmental landscape, particularly after enduring long periods of civil wars and political instability. This study aims to fill the gaps in both academic literature and policy by highlighting the importance of economic and social indicators in Sudan’s transition to a zero-carbon economy. It also offers valuable insights into developing effective policy frameworks and presents a holistic approach to sustainable development in Sudan. Limitations: However, political instability and limited academic studies on the zero-carbon economy in Sudan impede thorough evaluation and data collection. The study also necessitates gathering data from rural areas, particularly those benefiting from projects like the Mukhrebish forest regeneration or the Acacia Gum Belt. However, that can be gathered. Practical Implications: The study points out the pressing need for Sudan to experience a comprehensive socio-economic transformation to achieve a zero-carbon economy by 2030. It offers several real-world applications for policymakers, stakeholders, and development. Keywords: Zero-carbon Economy; Renewable Energy; Societal and Economic Transformations; Sustainable Development. Citation: Magda Ali, M. and Yasin, A. (2025): Towards a Zero-Carbon Economy: Formal and Informal Efforts of Sudan – A Post-War Strategy. In Ahmed, A. (Ed.): Re-Building Sudan from War to Sustainable Development, Vol 1, pp. 45-59.