Gottlieb Schumacher, First Excavator of Armageddon

There have been four expeditions to Megiddo during the course of the past century: Gottlieb Schumacher from 1903–1905, sponsored in part by the German Oriental Society and the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine; the team sent by James Henry Breasted from the Oriental In- stitute at the University of Chicago from 1925 to 1939; Yigael Yadin and his students from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in the 1960s and 1970s; and the Tel Aviv University Expedition, primarily under the direction of Israel Finkelstein and David Ussishkin, from 1992 onward. This detailed look at Schumacher’s excavation seasons is dedicated with great respect to Norma Franklin, who undoubtedly knows all of it already.