Challenges in agricultural extension: Views of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Agrarian Reform (MAFAR) municipal officers in Basilan Province, Philippines

The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), located in southwestern Mindanao, comprises five provinces, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, and Basilan, relies heavily on agriculture and fisheries as primary sources of livelihood under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Agrarian Reform (MAFAR). However, limited research has examined the specific operational challenges faced by agricultural extension officers in BARMM, particularly in Basilan Province. This study aimed to identify and analyze the challenges encountered by OIC-MAFAR Municipal Officers (OIC-MMOs) to provide contextual insights for improving agricultural extension practices in the region. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all twelve OIC-MMOs in Basilan, while data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study revealed five major challenges: (1) workers’ misaligned experience and educational qualification; (2) an undermanned workforce; (3) unresolved conflict with local government units; (4) insufficient salary and logistic support; and (5) lack of facilities and shortage of farm and fishery inputs. These findings emphasize systemic gaps in human resource planning, institutional coordination, and operational support that hinder effective extension delivery. The research contributes to the understanding of field-level realities within BARMM’s post-conflict governance structure and underline the need for targeted policy interventions. Strengthening staff training, guaranteeing adequate manpower, improving logistical and financial support, and promoting transparent coordination with local governments are significant for a more efficient and responsive agricultural extension services in municipalities led by OIC-MMOs.