Detection of synovial sepsis in horses using enzymes as biomarkers

Abstract Background Synovial sepsis is a commonly occurring, potentially career‐ending or even life‐threatening orthopaedic emergency. Diagnosis of synovial sepsis is currently primarily based on synovial fluid analysis, which often leaves diagnostic ambiguity due to overlap of clinicopathological parameters between septic and aseptic inflammatory synovitis. Objectives To evaluate the reliability of lysozyme (LYS), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) as biomarkers for synovial sepsis in horses using a photometric assay to measure increased enzyme activity. Study design Prospective, single‐blinded, analytical, clinical study. Methods Equine synovial samples were assigned to one of three groups: (1) healthy controls (n = 10), (2) aseptic (n = 27) and (3) septic synovitis (n = 30). The enzyme activity assays (LYS, MPO and ELT) were compared with standard synovial fluid parameters and broad‐range bacterial 16S rDNA PCR. Results LYS and MPO activities were significantly different between septic synovial samples, and both aseptic and control samples ( P  < .001, LYS: confidence interval [CI]: 2.25‐3.41, resp., 2.21‐3.8, MPO: CI 0.752‐1.6, resp., 0.639‐1.81). LYS achieved a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in differentiating between septic and aseptic (cut‐off value 751.4) or control (cut‐off: 484.6) samples ( P  < .001). MPO reached 93.33% sensitivity, 100% specificity for distinguishing septic from control (cut‐off value: 0.1254) synovial samples and 93.33% sensitivity, 81.48% specificity for discriminating between septic and aseptic (cut‐off value: 0.1305) synovial samples ( P  < .001). ELT activity could not be measured in any synovial sample. Both the LYS and the MPO measurements showed a highly significant correlation with PCR (LYS r  = .79, MPO r  = .69), synovial leukocyte count (LYS r  = .752, MPO r  = .571), % neutrophils (LYS r  = .751, MPO r  = 0.663) and each other ( r  = .744, all P  < .001). Main limitations Variation in horses’ signalment, affected synovial structures and synovial fluid freezing times may have affected the discriminative power of this study. Conclusions Increased MPO and LYS activities allow reliable, rapid diagnosis of synovial sepsis with high sensitivity and specificity.