Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin and its Significance for the Hydrocarbon Prospectivity of the Nile Delta Deepwater Area

ABSTRACT The deepwater area of the Nile Delta is within the eastern Mediterranean basin on the Nile Delta Cone between the Herodotus abyssal plain to the west and the Levant basin to the east. The complex evolution and interaction of the African, Eurasian and Arabian plates have shaped the Late Miocene to Recent Nile Cone and its substratum. The tectono-stratigraphic framework is controlled by deep-seated basement structures with distinct gravity and magnetic expressions, and by the interaction of the NW-trending Misfaq-Bardawil (Temsah) and NE-trending Qattara-Eratosthenes (Rosetta) fault zones. In addition, significant salt-induced deformation of a Messinian evaporitic sequence up to 4,000 m thick has occurred, together with large-scale rotational block movement. The deformational pattern is largely the result of multiphase tectonic movements along pre-existing basement faults on the continental margin of the Neo-Tethys ocean. The Nile Cone consists of late Paleogene to Late Miocene sediments that pre-date the Messinian evaporites, and Pliocene-Pleistocene sequences. In the east, the pre-salt deposits (as much as 3,000 m thick) are primarily deepwater sediments with local condensed sequences over syndepositional intrabasinal highs. Shale occurs westward across the Rosetta trend. The Messinian evaporitic sequence exhibits three distinct seismic facies suggesting cyclic deposition with the occurrence of interbedded anhydrite, salt and clastic sequences and pure halite deposition. During the Messinian salinity crisis, large-scale canyons were excavated that resulted in multiphase cut-and-fill clastic systems. The Pliocene-Pleistocene sequences were deposited in a slope to basin-floor setting. Exploration targets are the Pliocene-Pleistocene deepwater channel and basin-floor turbidite sands in a variety of structural settings. Water depths range from 800 to 2,800 m. The Upper Miocene sequence offers additional exploration objectives in the form of fluvial and/or turbidite sands. The focus of pre-salt exploration is the delineation of distal turbidities within the Serravallian to Tortonian sequence and the identification of new reservoir sequences deposited on pre-existing intrabasinal highs. Hydrocarbon charge has yet to be proven by drilling, but seismic amplitude anomalies and the occurrence of natural surface slicks suggest both gas and liquid charges from pre-salt source rocks through faults and salt-withdrawal windows.