FREEDOM IN PHILOSOPHY: FROM BINARY APPROACHTO MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

The article is devoted to analyzing various approaches to defining freedom in its socio-political and general philosophical dimensions. The aim of the study is to clarify the concepts of “negative” and “positive” freedom and reveal their methodological potential. The research is based on a dialectical method that allows considering freedom as contradictory unity with necessity and tracing the interrelation between individual and social aspects of human existence. Despite the widespread use of the concept of “negative” and “positive” freedom in political theory, it has not been sufficiently explored in a philosophical context. Therefore, the scientific novelty of the work lies in revealing the philosophical potential of binary typology of freedom. In the first part of the study, I. Berlin’s typology of freedom and K. H. Momdzhyan’s alternative conception are analyzed. It is shown that K. H. Momdzhyan’s approach emphasizes the personal dimension of freedom but is limited when analyzing its connection with natural and social determinants, as well as when analyzing freedom as a socio-political phenomenon. Traditional division into “negative” and “positive” freedom is more universal. In the second part, understanding freedom as conscious necessity is examined. It is demonstrated that negative freedom denies necessity, while positive freedom includes necessity but does not fully reduce to it. The dichotomy of “negative” and “positive” freedom is an important tool for analyzing the relationship between freedom and necessity. A theoretical analysis combining different types of freedom deepens the understanding of social reality and helps seek ways to harmonize individual freedom with objective laws of public being. This approach opens up prospects for further research and practical solutions in the field of social philosophy.