Clinical Pharmacology of Ceftriaxone

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin and is resistant to many narrow-spectrum β-lactamases and has good activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Ceftriaxone is the drug of choice for treatment of serious infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes, and for severe forms of Lyme disease. Ceftriaxone treats ureteral, cervical, rectal, and pharyngeal infection, gonorrhoea, Lyme disease, and bacterial meningitis. The efficacy and safely of ceftriaxone have been reviewed. Following intravenous administration, ceftriaxone rapidly diffuses into the body with a distribution half-life of about 14 min. A half of ceftriaxone is eliminated by renal route and the remainder is secreted into the bile. The elimination half-life of ceftriaxone is 6.4 hours in patients with normal renal function and 21.4 hours in patients with renal failure. The prophylaxis, treatment, and trials with ceftriaxone have been reviewed. Ceftriaxone penetrates into the cerebrospinal fluid in significant amounts, treats bacterial meningitis, some bacteria may become resistant to ceftriaxone, and ceftriaxone is poorly transferred across the human placenta, and poorly migrates into the breast-milk. The aim of this study is to review ceftriaxone efficacy and safely, pharmacokinetics, prophylaxis, treatment, trials, penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid, treatment of bacterial meningitis, resistance to bacteria, transfer across the human placenta, and migration into the breast-milk.