Depicting the Tirthaṇkaras and Buddhas in Art

The sixth century BCE is often regarded as the “Golden Period” for the evolution ofvarious philosophical developments worldwide. Among these, the two Śrāvaka traditionsviz. Jainism and Buddhism stand out as highly influential alongside other Vedic traditionsin the South Asian region. Although Jainism and Buddhism are considered nāstika innature due to their rejection of Vedic rituals, they have played significant roles in shapingsociety and the world. Both religions maintained their core principles as they evolved.Their founders, Mahāvira (also known as Nigaṇṭhanāthaputta) and Gautama Buddha,left lasting impacts, leading to the global recognition of these traditions as Jainism andBuddhism. Notably, they share the same historical timeline. However, both traditionsalso acknowledge that their respective founders were not the first to contribute to theirteachings. Many Jinas and Buddhas preceded them, working for the welfare and spiritualupliftment of the world. This respect for their predecessors is vividly depicted in the formof images. The art of Nepal and India portrays the 24 Tirthaṇkaras of Jainism and variousforms of Buddhas, including human Buddhas, with rich symbolic meaning and influence.This article seeks to identify the distinct features incorporated into the representationsof Tirthaṇkaras and Buddhas. It explores the Jain iconographic and iconological aspectsalongside the Buddhist depictions under the Trikāya doctrine. The term “Jain” originatesfrom the word “Jina,” meaning “those who have conquered the senses,” while “Buddha,”derived from the root “Budh,” signifies “the awakened one.” Although these traditionsshare certain similarities, their artistic depictions often differ. This article attempts toaddress these discrepancies and provide a broader perspective on their iconography.