A REVIEW ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SYNTHESISANDPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PYRANO[2,3- C]PYRAZOLES

Pyrano [2,3-c] pyrazoles have emerged as a privileged class of heterocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry duetotheir structural versatility and broad spectrum of biological activities. This review critically examines recent advances in sustainable synthetic strategies for pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives, with particular emphasis on greenchemistry approaches such as aqueous reaction media, solvent-free protocols, and microwave-assistedmulticomponent reactions. These methodologies, typically involving one-pot condensations of pyrazolones, aldehydes, and malononitrile, offer high atom economy, operational simplicity, and a reduced environmental footprint. In parallel, the pharmacological relevance of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles is systematically discussed, highlighting their reported antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antifungal activities. Thereview also addresses current challenges related to reaction scalability, mechanistic understanding, and structure–activity relationships, while outlining future perspectives for the rational design of biologically potent andenvironmentally benign pyranopyrazole-based therapeutics. Overall, the integration of sustainable chemistryprinciples with efficient synthetic technologies positions pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles as promising multifunctional pharmacophores for next-generation drug discovery.