Measuring abnormal rotational movements in free-swimming fish with accelerometers: implications for quantifying tag- and parasite-load

Animal-borne data loggers allow movement, associated behaviours, and energy expenditure in fish to be quantified without direct observations. As with any tagging, tags that are attached externally may adversely affect fish behaviour, swimming efficiency and survival. We report on free-swimming wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) held in a large mesocosm that exhibited distinctly aberrant rotational swimming (scouring) when externally tagged with accelerometer data loggers. To quantify the phenomenon, the cod were tagged with two sizes of loggers (18 g and 6 g;<2% body weight) that measured tri-axial acceleration at 50 Hz. An automated algorithm, based on body angular rotation, was designed to extract the scouring and normal (swimming or gliding) movements from the acceleration signal (98% accuracy). The algorithm also identified the frequency pattern and associated energy expenditure of scouring in relation to tag load (% body weight). The average per cent time spent scouring (5%) was independent of tag load. VeDBA used as a proxy for energy expenditure increased with tag load (r2=0.46), and suggests that fish with large tags spent more energy when scouring than fish with small tags. The information allowed us to determine potential detrimental effects of an external tag on fish behaviour and how the effects may be mitigated by tag size. The algorithm can potentially identify similar rotational movements associated with spawning, courtship, feeding, and parasite-load shedding in the wild. The results infer a more careful interpretation of data derived from external tags and the careful consideration of tag-type, -drag, -buoyancy, and -placement, as well as animal buoyancy and species.