Evaluation of the etiology of Peri-implantitis; A narrative review

Background: Peri-implantitis is a situation that begins as gingival inflammation around a dental implant (peri-implant mucositis) and then extends to the bone which supports; dental implant. It causes bone loss at the coronal part of the fixture and can be determined by deep gingival pockets, bleeding, or discharge during investigation. Learning how to find, understand the etiology, assess the progress, find out its prevalence, and manage peri-implantitis is very essential for both dental students and residents. Objectives: This study aimed to search the different factors that stimulate the onset of peri-implantitis, with the intention of using this knowledge to support practical prevention techniques. Methods: A comprehensive survey of previous studies was done using two main online sources: PubMed and Google Scholar. PubMed showed 1,512 beneficial articles, while Google Scholar gave a much higher nymbers, with 7,940 relevant findings. Results: Periodontal disease, inadequate supportive therapy, and cigarette smoking are recognized as significant systemic risk factors contributing to the development of peri-implantitis. Local factors such as poor plaque control, mucosal inflammation, Improperly designed implant crowns, residual submucosal cement, and lack of keratinized mucosa surrounding the implant also play critical roles in increasing the risk of peri-implantitis. Effective management of both systemic and local risk factors is essential to prevent and control this condition. Conclusion: In conclusion peri-implantitis is a broad and complex condition caused by several variables. The main causes of it are past history of periodontal disease, smoking, patient incompliance for regular checkup, poor cleaning habits, rough implant surface and residual cement around implant interface.