Extraction and Structural Characterization of Cellulose From Balanites ‎Aegyptiaca Seed Shell

This study explores the isolation and characterization of cellulose from Balanites aegyptiaca ‎Seed Shell, a novel and sustainable source. Following alkaline treatment and bleaching, the ‎extracted cellulose was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-‎Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetric ‎Analysis (TGA). The results reveal the presence of characteristic functional groups: hydroxyl ‎‎(-OH), methylene (-CH), and β(1→4)-glycosidic (C-O) bonds, indicative of cellulose. XRD ‎analysis showed the existence of the 002 plane associated with cellulose with a high crystallinity index ‎‎(89.28% to 63.74%) and crystal sizes (31.63 nm to 30.11 nm). SEM images revealed ‎agglomerated cellulose fibers with smooth surfaces and varying sizes, indicating high purity. ‎Thermal stability evaluation using TGA showed a two-stage degradation process, with the main ‎degradation occurring between 231.51°C and 448.18°C, indicating moisture loss and carbon ‎gasification. The results suggest that Balanites aegyptiaca seed shell is a viable cellulose source for ‎biodegradable composites, food, and cosmetics. The high crystallinity index, crystal size, and ‎thermal stability make the extracted cellulose suitable for these applications. This study ‎contributes to research on sustainable materials, highlighting agricultural waste as a valuable ‎cellulose production resource‎.