Comparison of photovoltaic technologies for building-integrated applications (BIPV)

The growing demand for nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs) has positioned Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) as a crucial solution for embedding renewable energy generation into the fabric of buildings. This paper provides a comparative overview of photovoltaic (PV) technologies suitable for BIPV—focusing on crystalline silicon (c-Si), thin-film technologies such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as emerging solutions including organic and perovskite solar cells. These technologies are evaluated based on key criteria including electrical efficiency, visual integration, mechanical flexibility, cost, durability, and applicability to various building components such as façades, roofs, and transparent surfaces. Special attention is given to how each technology meets both energy performance and architectural integration requirements essential for BIPV systems. The paper also discusses trade-offs between technical performance and aesthetic considerations, providing practical guidance for selecting appropriate PV technologies in building-integrated contexts. Several examples of existing BIPV implementations are referenced to illustrate the practical application and diversity of these technologies. The results of this study contribute to the advancement of sustainable and energy-efficient building design practices, providing support to architects, engineers, and decision-makers in achieving nZEB goals through the effective implementation of BIPV solutions.