ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIBIOFILM POTENTIAL OF BIOSYNTHESIZED PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES USING Senna occidentalis LEAF EXTRACT ON Salmonella typhi

ABSTRACT Owing to various side effects of synthetic drugs, medicinal plants have gained much popularity in the treatment of a number of infections. The use of medicinal plants has long been established due to their potentials in mediating the synthesis of nanomaterials. The present research aimed at determining antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of biosynthesized Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) using S. occidentalis leaf extract on S. typhi. The test bacteria were obtained from Dutse General Hospital, and confirmed using standard phenotypic and genotypic techniques. The phytochemicals screening, antibacterial, antibiofilm, MIC and MBC of S. occidentalis leaf extracts and biosynthesized PdNPs on S. typhi were determined using standard techniques. The phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannin, anthraquinones, saponin, flavonoid, and phenols in the extracts. The statistical analysis using independent t-test showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between 100, 80 and 60 mg/ml concentrations of extracts and its biosynthesized PdNPs treatments on S. typhi. Moreover, statistical results showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between extracts and its biosynthesized PdNPs treatments on S. typhi at 40 mg/ml concentration. The statistical results using one-way ANOVA indicated no significant difference (P > 0.05) between all concentrations of ethanolic and methanolic extracts and its biosynthesized PdNPs treatments on S. typhi. Moreover, statistical results indicated significant difference (P < 0.05) between all concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts and its biologically synthesized PdNPs treatments on S. typhi. The for MIC and MBC of extracts and its biosynthesized PdNps on S. typhi showed that the isolate had MIC and MBC ranged from 8.0 to 10.0 mg/ml. The in vitro antibiofilm assay of S. occidentalis leaf extracts and its biosynthesized PdNPs on S. typhi revealed that biosynthesized PdNps exhibit significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation with OD value of 0.545 compared to extract with OD of 0.9. The present findings showed that S. occidentalis leaf extracts and its biosynthesized PdNPs had potentiality in inhibiting S. typhi and can be considered in antimicrobial treatment.