Risk Factors for Catatonia Relapse in Psychotic and Affective Disorders

ImportanceCatatonia is a recurrent syndrome, yet the risk factors associated with its long-term course and relapse remain poorly understood. This study yields insights into the time to relapse in catatonia. It also characterizes the demographic, clinical, and treatment-related factors associated with relapse across psychotic and affective spectrum disorders.ObjectiveTo examine the relapse rate of catatonia and identify factors associated with relapse, particularly in patients with psychotic and affective spectrum disorders, over an extended follow-up period.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary neuropsychiatric center in India. Patients who presented with catatonia to emergency psychiatry and acute care services between January 2014 and December 2017 were included. Follow-up was up to 78 months, with the final follow-up completed in December 2020. Data were analyzed in November 2024.ExposuresCatatonia in psychotic or affective spectrum disorders.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was catatonia relapse defined as the recurrence of catatonic symptoms during follow-up. Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess time to relapse and identify factors associated with relapse risk.ResultsOf 303 patients with catatonia included in the analysis, relapse occurred in 148 (48.8%; mean [SD] age, 30.09 [9.54] years; 80 females [60.7%]; 94 [63.5%] with psychotic spectrum disorder) over a median (IQR) follow-up of 29.8 (10.8-47.0) months, while 155 patients (55.2%; mean [SD] age, 31.27 [11.80] years; 93 females [60.0%]; 97 [62.6%] with psychotic spectrum disorder) had no relapse. Relapse risk was highest within 2 years of an index episode. Antipsychotic prescriptions at discharge were associated with longer times to relapse and a relapse risk reduction of 41.1% (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.92; P = .02). The underlying psychiatric diagnosis (psychotic vs affective spectrum disorder) was not associated with relapse rates or time to relapse.Conclusions and RelevanceCatatonia is a recurrent condition, with nearly half of patients experiencing relapses, particularly within the first 2 years. Antipsychotic treatment may play a crucial role in relapse prevention, emphasizing the need for maintenance therapy during this critical period. While preliminary, these findings highlight the importance of evolving long-term management strategies to prevent catatonia relapse and call for further research into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying catatonia.