Побачивши особистості геодезії та картографії (Вітковський В.В.)

March 20 marks the 95th anniversary of the death of one of Russia's most famous geodetic cartographers, a professor, a military geodesist, a member of the Geographical Society Vasyl Vasilievich Vitkovsky. Born vv Witkowski on September 1, 1856, in the fortress of Novogeorge-Yevsk near Warsaw in the family of military engineer Major-General V.I. Fucking someone. In 1860, his father was transferred to St. Petersburg, where in 1872 VV Witkowski graduated from high school and, according to his family tradition, enrolled in the Pe-terborg Military Engineering School, which he graduated in 1875. The five-year service in the engineering troops finally revealed the inclination of V.V. Witkowski to work in the field of geodesy and he entered the geodesic department of the Academy of General Staff. Here he was greatly influenced by the prominent Russian professor of astronomy and geodesy O.M. Savich (1811 - 1897). After completing the course at the Academy of General Staff of Witkowski, Booleh was assigned to an internship at the Main Pulkovo Observatory, where he worked for two years under the guidance of Russian professor V.K. Dellen (1820 - 1897). In 1885, Witkowski received a diploma with honors on the completion of the cusp of the geodesic department of the Academy of General Staff and the rank of military geodesist. In the same year he was enrolled in the service to the ITC (Corps of Military Topographers), and he soon took part in the construction of triangulation and removal of the territory of Finland and the St. Petersburg province. Studying at the Academy of General Staff and studying at the Pulkovo Observatory VV Witkowski found a tendency to scientific work. His diploma work "Pulkovo Horizontal Circle" was published in the 40th volume of the Notes of the V.T.U.), attracted the attention of the scientific workers. This work was devoted to a number of articles in the foreign press. VV Witkowski translated from the English "The Geodesy" by A. Clark. Pe-presentation was highly appreciated for its accuracy, quality of presentation and thoroughness of work. In 1898, the great work of VV was published. Witkowski's "Practical Geodesy", which covered all types of geodetic works. Particularly in detail it deals with the construction of triangulation. This work received a very good assessment of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Later this work was published by the second edition, redone and supplemented. On May 14, 1891, Vasyl Vasilievich was elected a member of the Russian Geographical Society and a member of the Audit Commission of the Geographic Society. This honorary public work Witkowski performed until 1895. In 1895, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Witkowski a silver medal for his work, in which he covered the state of geodesy in North America. In 1900, Witkowski published the book "The Most Favorable Equal-Intermediate-Conical Cone Projection". The conical projection proposed by him on the seagull cone gives much less distortion than projections of the same type of Ptolemy, De-Lil, and Euler. In 1904 the classical work of V.V. Witkowski's "Topography", which was then re-published three times in 1915, 1928 and 1940. O.V. Graur in his preface to the 4th (1940) edition of "Topography" Witkowsky notes: "The main features of the works VV Witkowski is the clarity and accuracy of the presentation both from the mathematical and the literary side. Each of his courses is a completely original work and is celebrated with the harmony of the building, the inner connectivity, the lack of repetitions. In his model manuals, wherever possible, the theoretical understanding of the issues is facilitated by a large number of examples taken by the author from practice, which makes possible manuals V.V. Witkowski to use and for self-education ". As we have already noted, "Topography" was reissued three times, despite the fact that a lot of guidelines appeared under the topography called "Lower Geodetic" or just "Geodesy". VV Witkowski always protested against the title of this, according to him, "a wonderful and useful science." Witkowski was categorically against the division of the geodesy into higher and lower. In course of the topography, he wrote: "It is not clear why most of our topographers are called her geodesy with the provision of a mysterious and even offensive word" lower "? It seems that no one thought to call arithmetic a lower algebra, and tactics - a lower strategy ". V.V. Witkowski clearly defined the subject of topography and geodesy. The topography is the subject of a detailed study of the earth's surface geometrically and the study of methods used to represent this surface on a plane. the topography deals exclusively with the hard shell of the planet inhabited by us - land; studying its liquid shell - oceans and seas - is the subject of hydrography. The large extent of land causes it to be studied in parts, and the study of parts requires knowledge of the whole; this is the whole, that is, the general form and size of the Earth, you are studying in geodesy . According to VVVitkovskii, the difference between geodesy and topography can be understood from such a simple example. Let it be necessary to study in every detail the surface of a particular structure. Since each structure represents, of course, a body bounded by several planes, then first of all measure the extent of these planes and the angles that they form; then you can already tune in to a detailed study of each individual face and, paying attention to the fact that the inequalities and stiffness of the faces consist of combinations of very different manifold curve surfaces, determine them by points, including the convexity and depths that occur, to the planes, which make the faces only in general terms. In this example, the definition of a general type of structure and the size of its faces can be compared with the definition of a general type of Earth, which is engaged in geodesy; The study of the stiffnesses, bumps and depressions of each individual face is similar to the study of inequalities and outlines of mountains and valleys on the earth's surface, which is the subject of a topography. Consequently, in the geodesy, the general form of the imaginary, so-called level surface of the Earth is studied, and in the topography is the actual surface of the land. Among other significant works of Witkowski it should be noted his great work "Cartography", published in 1907. This work was celebrated by a magnificent showcase, in which the theory of arbitrary projections, lo-ksodromiya and other questions of cartography are presented with exhaustive depth. About this book, Professor A. S. Berg in his work "The History of Russian Geographical Science" wrote: "From the theory of cartographic projections one of the best in the world literature is the manual V.V. Vitkovsky's "Cartography". In 1909 Witkowski was awarded a medal by him for numerous works on geodesy, astronomy and cathography. FP Bold Along with the scientific activity, Vitkovsky pays much attention and time to pedagogical activity. Pedagogical activity took place at secondary and higher educational institutions: at the Military-topographical school (1889-1907), at the Electro-technological institute (1893-1901), at the Polytechnic Institute (1907-1908), at the Women's Pedagogical Institute (1914-1915) , at the Military Topographic School (1918-1923), in the Geodesy Department of the Military Engineering Academy (1919-1924). The Council of Kazan University in 1912 awarded V.V. Witkowski scientific degree of doctor of astronomy and geodesy. In the last years of his life, Witkowski worked on the work "General Astronomy", but sudden death did not give him the opportunity to finish this work. Key words: triangulation, territory survey, topography, form, size, geodesy, cartography, cartographic projection, astronomy, geodesic works.